cosmonaut
An astronaut of Russia(or the former Soviet Union) is called a "cosmonaut". The word was derived from "kosmos"(universe) and "nautes"(sailor/navigator).
Example:
American space travelers are astronauts; Russian space travelers are cosmonauts; Chinese space travelers are taikonauts.
American space travelers are astronauts; Russian space travelers are cosmonauts; Chinese space travelers are taikonauts.